The Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection - 1027 Words

Part A: Evolution of Polar Bears Introduction The theory of evolution by natural selection (Darwinism), first formulated in Darwin s book On the Origin of Species in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and that have more offspring. The first three ideas were already under discussion among earlier and contemporaneous naturalists working on the â€Å"species problem† as Darwin began his research. Darwin’s first contributions were the mechanism of natural selection and numerous amounts of evidence for evolutionary change from many sources. He also provided thoughtful explanations of the consequences of evolution for our understanding of the history of life and modern biological diversity. ïÆ'Ëœ Species (populations of interbreeding organisms) change over time and space. The representatives of species living today differ from those that lived in the recent past, and populations in different geographic regions today differ slightly in form or behaviour (Evolution Berkeley) ïÆ'Ëœ All organisms share common ancestors with other organisms. Over time, populations may divide into different species, which share a common ancestral population. Far enough back in time, any pair of organisms shares a common ancestor. (Evolution Berkeley) ïÆ'Ëœ Evolutionary change is gradual and slow in Darwin’s view. This claim wasShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe theory of evolution by natural selection proposes that all species are related (Eade, S. and profile, V. 2014). There is estimated to be between 6 million and 100 million different species in the world, with more species undiscovered than those discovered; this is all owing to the concept of evolution (Borenstein, S. 2014). Evolution is defined as the â€Å"change in the characteristics of a species over many generations (Linstead, 2012).† The most widely accepted theory of evolution is natural selectionRead MoreNatural Selection And The Theory Of Evolution1536 Words   |  7 PagesNatural selection and The Theory of Evolution were just two of the things that Charles Darwin conquered through the exploration of The Galapagos Island. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. While Darwin was still in high school, his main interest was nature, he was especially interested in beetles. Darwin’s father, Robert Darwin, who was best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin, wanted Charles to become a doctor. Due to lack on interest in the medicine fieldRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection965 Words   |  4 Pages The beginning of life on earth was always thought out as Gods creation and evolution was just a mystery in itself. Many people have always been interested in their origins and have found explanations using evidence that validates the story, but where is the proof? In 1859 a man by the name of Charles Darwin wrote a novel called the Origin of Species basically expressing the theory of evolution by natural selection. An extremely complicated story, but a very effective explanation of life as weRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1726 Wo rds   |  7 PagesDiscussing Darwinian and Modern Evidence in Support to The Theory of Evolution by Natural selection Evolution is the gradual development of life on Earth. It is responsible for the unusual carnivorous plants (species such as Dionaea muscipula), the beautiful coloured plume of the male peacock, even the possibility of cells adapting to protect against continual low exposure to radiation (Russo, GL. et al 2012). Without it, the lavish diversity of organic life we interact with every day would be non-existentRead MoreTheory Of Evolution By Natural Selection896 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. According to history, Charles Darwin is the first scientist to frame the theory of evolution by natural selection. It was publish in his book title On the Origin of Species 1859†. Darwin express the theory of evolution by natural selection as a process by which species change over a period of time. This change take place because of the changes in genetic and behavioral traits. The ability of the organisms to change over time or adjust to fit environmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection926 Words   |  4 Pages Charles Darwin was the creator of Darwinism which is, â€Å"the theory of evolution by natural selection† (Junker 1). In school we are often taught that natural selection is survival of the fittest or the strongest wins. What seems to be a simple topic is actually one of the leading theories on the side of evolution in the highly controversial debate on Darwinism vs. Creationism. Darwinism states that certain genes in a population change thro ugh individuals. These â€Å"strong† genes are then produced moreRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1692 Words   |  7 PagesDarwinian Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Background information Even though evolution is an ancient concept, Charles Darwin brought up a new idea focusing on naturalistic modification of a population over time. He believed that species differ over time and space. In other words, after a period of time creatures undergo genetic mutations in their genetic code in which the beneficial mutations are preserved and the disadvantage mutations are eliminated. This concept he termed as natural selectionRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pagesinvariance and stability. Darwinism rejects all supernatural phenomena and causations. The theory of evolution by natural selection explains the adaptedness and diversity of the world solely materialistically. It no longer requires God as the creator or designer .Darwin pointed out that creation, as described in the bible and the origin accounts of other cultures, was contradicted by almost any aspect of the natural world. Randolph M. Nesse George C. Williams. Mayr believed that Lamarck did not holdRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1692 Words   |  7 PagesDarwinian Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Background information Even though evolution is an ancient concept, Charles Darwin brought up a new idea focusing on naturalistic modification of a population over time. He believed that species differ over time and space. In other words, after a period of time creatures undergo genetic mutations in their genetic code in which the beneficial mutations are preserved and the disadvantage mutations are eliminated. This concept he termed as natural selectionRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1486 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain the evolution of the word, where you may or may not find altruistic behaviours and most importantly it’s like to evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory was developed by Charles Darwin and documented in his book ‘On the Origin of Species’ (1859). In it’s most simplistic terms it explains how and why animals, including humans, have changed and evolved over time to become the way they are. One of his more well known and supported theories illustrated in his book is the theory of evolution by natural

The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe - 854 Words

â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† was written by Edgar Allan Poe and was published in 1846. In the short story the narrator, Montresor, executes his friend Fortunato because he feels like he insulted him. For this, he seeks revenge. Fortunato is known to be very knowledgeable about all types of wine. Montresor uses this to his advantage to take him down to his family crypt during the carnival celebration. He tells him that he has a unique wine, and believes it is an Amontillado. After Montresor and Fortunato go deeper and deeper into the crypt, Montresor chains Fortunato and builds a wall around him. At first Fortunato thinks it is a joke, but he soon realizes that he will be dying in the crypt. Montresor goes on to boast about his crime and how he has never been caught. This shows that Montresor is a sinister, mentally insane, and a narcissist. Throughout the short story, Montresor appears to be murderous and mentally insane. As Montresor continues to tell his story, the reader learns that Montresor is not only a murder and insane, but he is a narcissist as well. Montresor displays the characteristics for this to be true. When Montresor decided to take revenge on Fortunato, he was persistent in doing it himself for his own satisfaction. As his plan began to go along perfectly, he was very pleased with himself. In addition, the cause for Montresor’s revenge plan was because of an insult. The death of Fortunato was not justifiable by his actions. It was merely a prize for MontresorShow MoreRelatedThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe In ?The Cask of Amontillado?, Edgar Allan Poe takes us on a trip into the mind of a mad man. Poe uses certain elements to convey an emotional impact. He utilizes irony, descriptive detail of setting, and dark character traits to create the search of sinful deceit. Poe also uses first person, where the narrator is the protagonist who is deeply involved. The purpose is to get the reader to no longer be the observer. He wants them to see with MontressorRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe836 Words   |  3 Pagesqualities in the story. In the story many things are used as symbols such as the actual cask of amontillado, the trowel, the jester costume and the setting in which there is two in the story. Another literary technique used significantly in the story is irony. Irony is the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. In the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Montresor a very troubled man who plans to seek revenge on another man named FortunatoRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe And The Cask Of Amontillado1384 Words   |  6 PagesWhat makes Edgar Allan Poe work unique? Other than being a strange individual, Poe has become a remarkable literature writer. The Raven, Annabel Lee, and The Cask of Amontillado are just a few of Poe’s work that staples the theme of gothic literature. This essay will allow you to see the gothic elements Edgar Allan Poe uses through his most common poems. Gothic literature has many elements which play into its definition. The actual definition is a style of writing that is characterized by elementsRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe906 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† was written in 1846, by Edgar Allan Poe. Born in 1809, Poe never knew any of his parents. At the age of three, his mother died of tuberculosis, and his father deserted the family before he was born. Taking care of him was his foster parents in Richmond, Virginia. They loved Poe, but were not supportive of his decisions and kept Poe poor. Having debt and not being able to provide food and clothes for himself caused Poe to quit school. Later, heRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe920 Words   |  4 Pageswhen that trust no longer exists? In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe, Fortunato is about to find the answer to this question. On the surface, Montresor seems friendly with Fortunato, but deep down he feels nothing but hate for him. Could this hatred have an irrationality that only Montresor understands? In different ways, both of these men are proud and affluent, yet both have downfalls that will l ead to a tragic ending. Edgar Allan Poe’s use of language contributes to the understandingRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn his writing, Edgar Allan Poe has multiple uses of direct and indirect characterization. In The Cask of Amontillado, Montresor had rules such as â€Å"I must not only punish but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong† (Poe, 2). Poe used indirect characterization to show the reader that Montresor is an unreliable narrator because he justified hisRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1303 Words   |  6 PagesIn Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the narrator recalls an extremely significant time in his life, and takes the reader along with him. Throughout the story, one experiences a perfectly planned murder which took place over fifty years ago, and still no one has discovered what truly happened to poor Fortunato as he was chained to a wall in a room that was then closed off, and torched to death due to all the nitre in the walls. As the story goes on, the reader can see some of Poe’s unfortunateRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story, The Cask of Amontillado, written by Edgar Allan Poe is a story of terror and betrayal. Like many of Poe’s literary works, the story has a dark undertone with a theme of terror and depression. More than half a century ago, Marshall McLuhan argued that though Poe was fascinated by evil, the evil that he had in mind was not that of Calvinism, but that of the split man and the split civilization. In general, McLuhan was right, but in this instance Calvinism, and its God, provided a darkRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe707 Words   |  3 PagesIn the short story of The Ca sk of Amontillado, Edgar Allan Poe writes in first person point of view from the perspective of Montresor who seeks revenge against Fortunato. Montresor began to develop the perfect plan for revenge. During the carnival season, Montresor meets with Fortunato and decides to implement his plan carefully through irony. Poe s story describes the murderer s mind which has lived as a memory of Fortunato s death for fifty years. Poe uses different types of irony and symbolismRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe985 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe is a well known author of short stories and poetry from the 19th century. He is known especially for his stories of horror and suspense. The Cask of Amontillado is one of his more famous pieces. The story follows the narrator, Montresor, as he exacts revenge on Fortunato. Montressor draws Fortunato into the wine cellar where eventually he chains Fortunato to the wall and encloses him inside it. Throughout the story the narrator continually proves that he is not the most reliable source

Globalization and Natural Resources Development for Governance

Question: Discuss about theGlobalization and Natural Resources Development for Governance. Answer: Project Title The impacts of globalization and natural resources development on the Singapore communities. Date of application 30th September 2017 Short title The impacts of global developments on Singapore communities. Project summary The broad objective of the project is to identify impacts of the globalization and natural resources development on the Asian-Pacific (Singapore) communities. To find out the influences of the globalization policies and processes on the communities cultures and social life. To identify the role of anthropology on globalization. To find out the theoretical and the ideological issues on globalization. Globalization has positive impacts on these communities as they have economically developed. There is industrialization, urbanization, development of infrastructure. With all this health and quality of life has been improved. Poverty eradication has been done. All this benefits has come with repercussions. There is a lot of environmental pollution. This raises an alarm as sustainability development is being threatened. There has been a lot of developing insecurities/ warfare in the communities. Project period Intended start date 1st January 2018 Intended end date 1st May 2018 Research alignment and James Cook University Strategic limit No Research Aims Alignment explanation 1 Acquire the ability to assess the sociocultural impacts of the processes and policies which are associated with natural resource development and globalization. There has been a lot of changes since globalization started. The sociocultural aspect has adversely been affected. The life and work of people has been affected. The families and societies setting. The social justice has changes a lot. It is viewed as a way of having equality, solidarity, values and respect to both human rights and dignity. The culture has changed. The language, norms, dressing, foods. All this has changed as a result of advances on technology. 2 Acquire the ability to have critical evaluations on case studies from the Asia-pacific regions pertaining developmental issues and the engagement of the community. To find out globalization and natural resources development state in Asia-Pacific (Singapore) regions. How developed are these communities. 3 Identify the key ideological issues and theoretical issues concerning development. The current state of development in Singapore, what are the ideological and the theoretical issues behind it. 4 Acquire a broad understanding of the contemporary anthropology in relation to the development issues and the Singapore context Analyze and establish a relationship between the anthropology of the Singapore communities and their past and present development. Research Training and Experience Subject/project Type of training James Cook University, AN1001: An introduction to Anthropology The basics on the cultural and social anthropology. The anthropological methods of research and ideas. With this knowledge I will be able to get information on the influence of anthropology on globalization and its effects on the social and culture of the Asia-Pacific. James Cook University AN3100: Asian cities Have been impacted with the knowledge on the Asian cities. Its development, urbanization, infrastructure, pollution. With this it is possible to assess the impacts of the above on the communities. James Cook University, AN3006: Anthropology and development. With this I have a better understanding of the globalization. The research is all about the impacts of globalization on the Singapore regions. A member of green forest This is an environmental friendly association that tries to curb environmental pollution. Globalization is a major cause of environmental pollution and it is discussed on every meeting. With this I already have information on the impacts of globalization on the environment. Residents in Singapore This gives me an added advantage as I have firsthand information on the globalization and its impacts. Attends in James Cook University It is a university in Asia-pacific region. It is a center for research. I have been a participant in researches that are closely related to this one. This will make my work easy. I already have the baseline information. Applicants Name Signature Date Project title: The impacts of globalization and natural resources on the Singapore communities. Research project. Introduction and background Singapore Department of statistics, (2013), Singapore is one of the tropical state cities in the South East of the Asian Regions. Malay, Indians, Chinese, Eurasian and others makes the population of Singapore. It is a multicultural and diverse community. Globalization guide, (2012), Globalization is a process in which there is integration and interaction among people, governments, and companies of different nations. This interaction is brought about by international investments, trade. It is facilitated by information technology. This globalization has effects on culture, environment, economic development, political systems, prosperity and the human-physical well-being. Singapore is a highly developed in the sector of economy and politics. Singapore is number two in the Youngs and Ernst Globalization Index (2012). Hong Kong is leading and the third country is Ireland. With globalization, Singapore, has been able to attain growth in its economy by have an increase in international tra de. There has been a huge amount in the foreign direct investment (FDI). This has helped Singapore to be able to achieve its potentials in the economic growth. It has also benefited on labor influx. It has an access of laborers across the international borders. It has been able to import labor. This has increased on its production. With globalization Singapore has been able to keep the inflations low. It imports her raw materials making production cost low which translates to low prices in the market. Globalization has ensured there is low unemployment (Bergh and Nilsson 2014). This affects the way of living of the community. There are negative impacts on the economy for example: vulnerability to external stocks, competition, employment woes, and inflations. It has an impact on the socio-culture of this communities. The influences on their lifestyles, education and interactions. There being westernized. Background Singapore was a small village whose economic activity was fishing. It has developed over the last two decades. It has developed socially, politically and economically (Amaldas, 2009). With globalization it has led to rapid changes in financial flows, trade relations and morbidity of labor in the whole world. Globalization has propounded effects on the sociocultural in Singapore. This research aims at finding out the impacts of globalization in Singapore. Literature review Chien-chiang, (2015), in most of the previous works globalization focused on the economic developments/impacts. This study was different as it viewed globalization in three sub dimensions; the social, economic and the political integrations. Mah, (2013) expounds that according to economist globalization is sword that is double wedged. It has positive and negative impacts on the economy. Low autocracy (high democracy) had a positive effect on the economic development. The government should formulate policies that supports globalization. Sunyoung, et al (2016). The study explains how modernization has influenced and brought about culture change among the Northeast Thailand people. Over 10 million of the population living in Southern Vietnam and Northeast Thailand were infected with a fish borne parasite. This was as a result of eating raw or undercooked fish. This was a longstanding culture among the communities. With modernization, it led to formulation of new policies and practices this has led to correction of the beliefs on the cyprinid fish which is usually infected. The fishermen distributes other species of fish which are less likely to be infected. Jharathri and Shermaine, (2015) the ecosystem is an important framework that is useful when assessing and conserving the habitats that are at a threat. The cultural ecosystem is the benefits a community gets from nature. For example recreation, spiritual enrichment, education, inspiration, aesthetic experiences and cultural ecosystem (MEA 2005; Hernandez-Morcillo et al., 2013). To have an understanding on the cultural ecosystem, one has to have understood the actions and perceptions that the local people holds (Bryan et al., 2010; Plieninger et al., 2013; Pleasant et al., 2014). The cultural values are not static. People experiences and utilizes the habitats in different was as they degrade and convert (Selim et al., 2014). Singapore had a lot of changes on its cultural ecosystem as it transformed from the rural to urban. The urbanization as a result of globalization. Mangrove forests were aesthetic, spiritual and recreational habitats for the communities. Due to tourism this has rea lly changed. The mangrove are part of national parks. Public interaction is restricted. Significance and innovation Most of the research done on the impacts of globalization focused on economic development. The positive and negative impacts of globalization on the economy. This study targets to find out the impacts of globalization and natural resource development on Singapore. In this study it will focus on the political, economic and socio-cultural aspects that globalization has affected. This study/project is important as it can be used in policy formulations. It is also important as it can be used in coming up with strategies on cultural conservation. The findings will not only reflect the information about Singapore but can be used by the Asian-Pacific region. Approach Research objectives The broad objective is to find out the impacts of globalization and natural resource development on the Singapore community. The specific objectives are: to assess the influence of globalization on the socio-culture of the Singapore community. To determine the ideologies and the theoretical issues revolving around development. To evaluate contemporary anthropology on the issue of development in Singapore. All this should be evaluated in 2018. 1st January to 1st May 2018. Participants The participants will be residents in Singapore. Preferably Students at James Cook University. This is the easiest sample to access as they are in one collective area. It is also easier to approach the population. They also have knowledge on globalization there the survey will not be a new subject. Researchers Considering the size of the population to be evaluated. I will recruit one more researcher to aid me in data collection and data evaluation/ result analysis. The researcher has to be informed on the issues pertaining globalization. Have experience and knowledge on anthropology and research. Research methodology This is a very basic research that will apply the phenomenological experiences of the respondents on the problem statement. It will utilize both questionnaires, focus group discussion and interviews. The questionnaires will have both open ended questions and close ended questions. Open ended makes the bigger percentage. The interviews will be semi-structured with open ended questions. Communication of results The results to the project is to be directed to the community itself, the government and the non-governmental organizations (NGOs). For this to be possible I will publish the result for it to circulate as an electronic article. I will also ensure it gets to different social Medias so that it can reach the Singaporean public. There will be social awareness campaigns. The social media platforms will be of great help to create awareness. It will be spread on twitter and Facebook. There will be a video explaining the results that will be uploaded on you tube. Proposed Plan of Research Activities Timeline Project plan 2018 S. No Description January 1 2 3 4 February 1 2 3 4 March 1 2 3 4 April 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1. Phase 1 Gather the preconceived notions Survey the area Pilot the research and familiarize with target area. 1 2 3 Phase 2 Create awareness on the importance of the survey. Get the inclusion population To group the target population into three distinct groups. The ones to answer questions, ones to do the interviews and lastly the focus group discussions 1 2 Phase 3 The actual data collection via questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. 1 Phase 4 To analyze the study. 1 Phase 5 Presenting the end products (results). The actual dates for the article publication on the results of the project, the social media awareness and the exhibitions are to be confirmed. The article on this study is to be complied by the end of the end of May 2018. The exhibition of this study is to be done in July 2018. The media campaign on the awareness is targeted to start on by the end of 2018. Budget Item Cost (SGD) Printouts a) The printouts describing the study(200) b) The informed consents(200) $ 80 The audio recorders 100 Payment to the research assistant $400 Transport cost to the research centers $300 Creating awareness $300 Publishing the article $500 Risk Management The biggest and potential risk is lack of target population in the pool of James Cook University. This could be as a result of them being so busy hence cannot be committed to the study. If this happens an alternative population will be obtained. Probably the alumni or residents in Singapore. The second potential problem is lack of support by the school and the NGOs concern with impacts of globalization. Incase this happens alternative sources of support especially financially will be sorted. The participants identities will be concealed and also the social awareness campaign will be legal to avoid committing an offense. Conclusion With this study the finding will enlighten the community on the impacts of the globalization and natural resource development on their economy, politics and socio-cultural. There will be an understanding of the ideologies and theoretical issues on globalization. There will also be an explanation of the relationship between anthropology and development. With this, enlighten, the government can be able to formulate policies on how to preserve the culture of the community. How to ensure globalization does not affect its people social life negatively. Will be able come up with policies to ensure economic development is maintained. Will ensure politics affects globalization positively. References Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. Norris, P. (2011). Global governance cosmopolitan citizens. Governance in a globalizing world. pp. 155-177. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press Bergh, A., and T. Nilsson. (2014). Is globalization reducing absolute poverty? World Development, 62, pp. 4261. Chang, C. P., and C. C Lee. (2010) Globalization and growth: A political economy analysis for OECD countries, Global Economic Review, 39(2), pp. 151173. Chang, C. P., and C. C. Lee. (2011). The effect of globalization and political party on economic growth: Panel data analysis of former communist countries and European OECD members, Eastern European Economics, 49(6), pp. 526. Chang, C. P., C. C. Lee, and M. C. Hsieh. (2011) Globalization, real output and multiple structural breaks, Global Economic Review, 40(4), pp. 421444 Christiansen, et al (2014). The relativity in perspective in the culture theories. University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Glencoe, I., Mlinar, Z. (2012). Individuation and globalization: The transformation of territorial social organization. Globalization and territorial identities. Ed 4. pp. 15-34. Globalization guide (2012). What is globalization? Retrieved September 30t , 2017 from https://www.globalizationguide.org Hernandez-Morcillo, M., (2013).An Empirical review of cultural ecosystem service indicators. Edition 29. Pg. 434-444 Jharyathri, T., et al., (2015). Histological and contemporary cultural ecosystem service values in the rapidly urbanizing city state of Singapore. Vol, 44(7) pg. 666-677 Mah, J. S. (2013) Globalization, decentralization and income inequality: The case of China, Economic Modelling, 31, pp. 653658. Merton, R. (2011). Social theory and social structure, (2nd ed.). Pleasant, M., (2014). Managing cultural ecosystem services. Ecosystem services. Vol. 8 pg. 141-147 Plieninger, T., et al., (2013). Assessing, mapping and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at a community level. Vol. 33 pg. 118-129 Selim, S., et al., (2014) Direct and indirect effects of climate and fishing on changes in the coastal ecosystem. Regional Environmental Change. Singapore Department of statistics, 2013. Singapore in brief. Sonyoung, C., et al., (2017). The role of the socio-cultural and economic factors in cyprinid fish distribution network and consumption in Northeast Thailand. Acta Tropica. Vol. 170, pg. 85-94 Vlad, R et al., (2017). The role of tourism in local economy development. Urbanism. Ed. 8(3) pg. 265-274

The Quest Essays - Social Psychology, Identity,

The Quest The Quest Introduction Adolescence is a period of life in which critical psychological and physiological changes occur. It is also the time when identity, ?a unified sense of self characterized by attitudes, beliefs, and ways of acting that are genuinely one's own ?(Insel, 1994), forms. The theory of Eric Erikson describes the psychological development of identity as a developmental stage in which ?individuals are faced with finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.?(Santrock, 1997) During this stage, adolescents are trying to find an answer to the question ?Who am I and making important life choices, such as career, intimate commitments, or morality. The identity formation period is very critical and it will affect the individual throughout the adulthood. ?If adolescent arrives at a positive path to follow in life, then a positive identity will be achieved; but if a positive future path is not defined, then identity confusion reigns.? (Santrock, 1997) Methods I interviewed a 13 year old girl from a well educated family. The interview was done in the privacy of her house in her own room and took about 40 minutes. During the interview, the teen was asked to answer a list of questions and encouraged to use as much details as possible. Each answer was carefully recorded and evaluated. The questions I asked her targeted fundamental self aspects that build the feeling of identity. The interview examined the following aspects: role experimentation, self certainty, peer relationships, family relationships, sexual orientation, career, and leadership. Results The girl I interviewed had a strong sense of uniqueness-she wants to be different and expresses herself colorfully. I found that appearance is very important, such as adoption of different fashions and ?in? hair styles. Girls are very conscious of how they look. While admitting that appearance is crucial, the teen made a point that ?maintaining a sense of confidence and self-esteem is important for your future.? Also, I was informed that it is substantial to ?try everything and put your butt here and there.? It appears that teenagers think they should experiment with smoking, drinking, sexual activity, and other ?adult's stuff.? In addition, the significance of the ?successful? role model, a father in this case, was emphasized. Furthermore, the teen stressed that she considers herself a ?very sociable individual who likes to mix with different groups.? She also feels that she is ?the woman of the 90s? and plans to depend on herself. She also claimed to possess some leadership qualiti es in her nature, which will become ?more and more evident as she will mature.? I also found that it is ?crucial? to have a sense of direction in one's own life. Together with that, she indicated that she feels that the involvement in the intimate relationship, ?having a boyfriend?, means ?a big deal? to her. She added that it is important to have ?someone to talk to and do stuff with.? Discussion Adolescents are obsessed with their looks and they are expected to do that because it is through these symbols, wearing the right clothes and having cool sunglasses, that their identities are formed. Adolescents are expected to view self-esteem as crucial; after all, it plays a big role in their quest for identity. As teenagers begin their quests for identity, they experiment with different roles, various social postures, and self-images (this is what Erikson would call a search for identity). Teens often feel that appearing mature will bring recognition and acceptance, so they begin to engage in behavior associated with adults, such as smoking, drinking, and sexual activity. Experimenting with different roles is expected in Erikson stage and having a role model is not uncommon. During the early adolescence, a role model is usually one of the parents. ( Insel, 1994) Teens often are very social at this stage and that is expected because socialization contributes a lot to a teen's sear ch for identity. Some teens have already developed a strong sense of self-worth and it is not uncommon, although it is not necessarily expected for them to develop a sense of self worth at such a young age. Today, the percentage of teens who engage in sexual activities is increasing every year together with the

Web 2.0 Education

Web 2.0 has led to an increase in leisure classes which has encouraged people to study online during their free time. They are able to do this without fear that their student accounts may be hacked. It has also led to freedom in learning as people are able to learn any topic or subject that they want.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Web 2.0: Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The web 2.0 has made learning to be convenient since it is easier for one to access their course lessons anytime. This encourages more people to register for free online courses that are being provided by multiple organizations nowadays. Web 2.0 has also contributed to MOOC by creating flexibility. It has made it possible for individuals undertake their studies anytime that is suitable in relation to their schedules. People are also able to choose who they study or in which groups they can take part in discussions. The web 2.0 h as ensured that what we learn can be retrieved online by simply looking them up via search engines. Hence, all that we learn is always available and this leads to the promotion of a lifelong studying and learning as students are able to access more information without the need to buy books. The presence of advanced internet technology has made free online studying easier which enables people to access new information thus making the world seem as a global village. It has also broadened the horizon to extents that no one could imagine by making communication easier since one can communicate his ideas with ease through the internet leading to enlightenment to the majority. Generally, web 2.0 has enabled people to carry out their learning online at ease. How to use OER in building courses Open Educational Resources are a powerful tool that provides basic education for all and ensures that education of individuals is promoted for a long period of time. OER is used in numerous institutio ns of learning as it enables the provision of a wide range of courses to a large since it is less expensive. Increased use of OER has a likelihood of transforming people’s positively by increasing the levels of literacy.Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More OER broadens access of education within and outside institutions of learning since one is able to access the needed materials for their study whether at home or in school. This leads to an improvement of the interaction and development in academic networks through enhancement of quality in learning as educational resources have been released openly not just for enrolled learners but for everyone interested in learning. It also encourages the scrutiny of the people who create resources and their colleagues by ensuring that education resources are accessible worldwide. OER Increases productivity as it ensures that one has a cl ear idea of the course materials that they are supposed to possess. This enables students to access a number of resources that make them well informed. OER‘s ownership is protected by a copyright that permits institutions to manage the available resources to prevent piracy. Describe how the game integrates digital technologies to the benefit of teaching and learning The game uses digital communication to ensure consistent communication which is continuous between the teacher and the learner hence ensuring good interpersonal relations between them. It also ensures that before any learning takes place the student is willing. This leads to a higher performance as the level of student engagement and motivation during learning is heightened. Digital technologies accelerates learning since it makes it easier by ensuring the materials needed are readily available and can be accessed at will by both the students and teachers. Thus, it links teachers and students and enables both teach ers and students access the professional and reliable academic resources. Furthermore, it has led to increased educational productivity by increasing the quality of education. This happens because it encourages by providing them with materials that are reliable and authentic. There is also an increased efficiency since they can manage risks. Digital technology reduces the cost of purchasing the learning materials since they are sold cheaply online. It also helps in utilizing both teachers’ and learners’ time as there is no time wastage since the students and teachers can access information easily that they cannot be able to access manually.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Web 2.0: Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, the digital technologies ensure there is dual enrolment as students can enrol in more than one course at a time. Teachers can also carry out their education as they go on with their professional duties due to the presence of vocational and online classes. This assessment on Web 2.0: Education was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Culture and Personality essays

Culture and Personality essays Personality is the key factor in defining individual uniqueness and shaping an individuals course through life. Psychological anthropology focuses on enculturation, the process by which culture is passed from one generation to the next. The study of culture and personality, enables us to learn about cross-cultural similarities and differences in human development, as well as their consequences for characteristic styles of psychological adaptation. Through the study of child-rearing practices, anthropologists are better able to understand the relationship between culture and personality. The first agents of enculturation in all societies are the members of the household into which a person is born (Haviland 2002: 120). This enculturation process primarily begins with the mother and father. Depending on the society, siblings, grandparents and family members may be brought into the enculturation process, as well as other individuals as the child matures. In the United States professionals are brought in to provide children with form instruction for enculturation, while other societies allow children to learn at their own speed through observation and participation. A childs environment and evolvement of self-awareness are key to personality development. In order for a childs behavioral environment to fully emerge, the child must learn about a world of objects other than self, gain a sense of both spatial and temporal orientation, as well as a normative orientation, or understanding of the values, ideals, and standards that constitute the behavioral environment (Haviland 2002: 146). Anthropologists view childhood experiences as strongly influencing adult personality (Haviland 2002: 129). The process of enculturation can determine the type of behavior a childs personality will promote, whether it be controlling and aggressive or passive an...

Ways Of Environmental Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Ways Of Environmental Protection - Essay Example The background of the article’s title holds significant meaning derived from Jean Rostand who said that â€Å"The obligation to endure gives us the right to know.† This is exactly where the main argument of the essay lies because Carson is correct in the presumption that people, in general, know very little of what’s inside a bug spray or a pesticide and how it affects our entire way of life as human beings. We are but too oblivious to go beyond the product label to scrutinize how these things affect us. The author is correct in saying that there must be more stringent policies and measures regarding the manufacture, sale, and distribution of these substances. Primarily, these harmful chemicals must not be allocated to industries or people indiscriminately. Next, there must be more investigation regarding how these biocides affect vital sources like the earth, water, animals and especially the health of man. All of these must necessarily be relayed to people who had been kept in the shadows. The ability of the people to grasp the extent of the problem and how it affects them must be factored in because they are the ones who are extensively affected. The current atmosphere of fear of diseases attributed to harmful chemicals best explains why there has been a recent increase in the demand for organic food and materials. There had been studies relating certain diseases like cancer to the harmful chemicals produced industrially. People are shedding out extra dollars just to be able to purchase food that is absolutely safe for consumption and this is correlated with eating only organically produced nourishment. There are little to no known legislation or policies regarding the use of insecticides and this is still yet to be fully addressed.

Should Overweight Employee Be Penalized Coursework

Should Overweight Employee Be Penalized - Coursework Example We live in a modern society that provides us with more than ample means of living a healthy lifestyle through the proper nutrition intake, diet, and exercise. However, most people fail to take advantage of these basic opportunities presented to them. The result is a weakened state of health for the individual. As such, the individual ends up requiring much more healthcare than his insurance program can provide. Added to this problem is the fact that the new health care laws of the United States has made it more difficult and expensive for the employers to keep their employees covered with ample medical insurance benefits. The continued rising cost of healthcare coverage has thus forced some employers to take the health matters of their employees in their own hands by forcing them to participate in a company mandated healthcare program or face severe penalties for non-participation. Their intention is clear, to keep their health care costs down, but at the expense of sticking their no ses in where it does not belong, in the private lives of their employees. Their participate or pay fines choice disrespects the freedom of an individual to choose how he lives his life and how he participates in various activities. It would appear that an increasing number of companies are opting for such health care rider coverage for their employees. As many as; â€Å"almost half (47%) of companies already use or plan to use financial penalties over the next three to five years on workers who don’t take part in health-improvement programs.†

News artical. (PR) Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News artical. (PR) - Article Example The intersection is accident prone and accounts for a number of vehicular accidents in the City. The problem in this area is compounded by the fact that there is a guard-controlled school crossing adjacent to Vahland Avenue.† To ensure the safety of both motorists and pedestrian in the area, the Council of the City of Canning requested the City’s Engineering and Technical services to come up with possible solutions to the traffic problems. The study conducted by the City Engineering and Technical services yield several issues in the configuration of the intersection which made it difficult to navigate. In finding solutions to the traffic problems, consultations were conducted to gather the ideas and observations of the people regarding the situation. Observations of the people regarding the flow of traffic in the area were later on validated through the video survey conducted by the City. â€Å"The City Engineering office conducted a study of the situation but we feel that the residents and motorists in the area could also provide us with invaluable information through their first hand experiences. Moreover, we wanted to involve the people in the process of finding solutions to our traffic problems. Since this project may affect hundreds of people, it is important that these stakeholders are consulted to ensure their cooperation,† The Mayor said. To date, there is still no concrete data to validate the crash reduction in the area. However, according to the Mayor â€Å"I am hopeful that this project will achieve its goals. We have proven here that the combined efforts of the government and the people made it possible for us to come up with innovative and cost efficient traffic solutions. I believe that where there is cooperation, anything is

Role of Omega-3 and Vitamin B6 in Cancer Prevention

Role of Omega-3 and Vitamin B6 in Cancer Prevention A critical analysis of the role of omega-3 and vitamin B6 in cancer prevention: current evidence, proposed mechanisms and future directions Abstract: A critical analysis of the role of omega-3 and vitamin B6 in cancer prevention: current evidence, proposed mechanisms and future directions Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and according to the World Health Organization(WHO accounted for 8.2 million deaths in 2012(1). The complex and dynamic nature of cancer is evident, however 30% of cancers could be prevented by modifying factors such as diet, not smoking, physical activity and moderate use of alcohol(2). Scientific evidence suggests that nutritional supplementation of some nutrients can affect the risk of different cancers. For the purposive of this essay I will perform a critical analysis of the role of omega-3 and vitamin B6 in cancer prevention by reviewing the current evidence, proposed mechanisms and investigating the future directions of omega-3 and vitamin B6 use in cancer prevention. Omega-3(n-3) and omega-6(n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) are essential fatty acids that cannot be made by the human body and therefore must be obtained from the diet. The use of n-3 PUFAs in a number of chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease, psoriasis, irritable bowel syndrome and rheumatoid arteritis has been associated with health benefits. Increasing evidence from animal and in vitro studies indicate that n-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic(DHA) acid play a role in inhibiting cancer progression(3). However epidemiological data on the association between n-3 PUFA intake and cancer risk appears to be somewhat less consistent. High fat intake, typically seen in western diets is associated with an increased risk for cancer development. N-3 PUFAs are an exception as studies have found that n-3 PUFAs have protective functions in prostate, pancreatic, breast and colon cancer. Western diets typically contain a high n-6 to n-3 ratio which has been found is positively associated with prostate cancer development. A study carried out in Jamaican men who had a high ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 ratio, found that n-6 PUFAs was positively correlated with prostate carcinogenesis while n-3 PUFAs inhibited cancer growth(4). In agreement with this study a case control study of 79 prostate cancer cases and 187 controls, found a high ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs increased the overall risk of prostate cancer in white men and possibly increase the risk of a high grade prostate cancer in all men(5). Population based studies have found that the use of n-3 PUFAs are protective against cancer development. A population based prospective cohort study of 90,296 subjects found that a diet rich in n-3 fish or n-3 PUFA appeared to protect against the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (6). In agreement with this study a population-based prospective study in Japan found an inverse relationship between n-3 PUFA intake and the risk of cancer in the proximal site of the large bowel(7). However not all studies have found beneficial effects of the use of n-3 PUFAs in cancer prevention. A French study comprising of over 56,000 women, who were followed for eight years found no associated between n-3 PUFA and breast cancer risk(8). Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in cancer prevention. PUFAs are capable of influencing the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids in cell membranes. N-3 PUFAs can replace n-6 PUFAs in glycerophospholipids(9) and a high n-3 to n-6 ratio has been found to affect cell membrane signalling. Lipid rafts are important signalling domains within the cell membrane which contain receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor(10). As DHA has a poor affinity for cholesterol in lipid rafts it can supress raft associated signal transduction(10). This is important as in many cancers signalling pathways can be over activated. It has also been suggested that n-3 PUFAs may induce apoptosis and reduce proliferation in human cancer cells by decreasing signalling through AKT/NFkB and by modulating the PI3k/AKT/p38 MAPK pathway(11). N-3 PUFAs are involved in the suppression of arachadonic acid (4n-6) derived eicosanoids, which are involved in cellular growth, cell differentiation and have proinflammatory effects (12). Arachadonic derived eicosanoids such as PGE2, have been positively linked to cancer (13), unlike EPA eicosanoids which have anticancer effects(14). As mentioned above incorporation of n-3 PUFAs into the phospholipid membrane replaces n-6 arachadonic acid precursors, decreasing arachadonic derived eicosanoids and increasing EPA eicosanoids. N-3 PUFAs have also been found to supress cyclooxygenase-2 (15), which has anti-tumour affects as COX-2 down regulates apoptotic pathways(16). This is in contrast to n-6 PUFAs which have been found to upregulate COX-2(17). It is also interesting to note that in breast, colon and prostate cancer COX-2 is overexpressed (18, 19). Taking this into account it is likely that suppression of COX-2 by n-3 PUFAs may be a preventative measure in these cancers. In conclusion there is evidence for the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in cancer prevention, however due to inconsistencies in epidemiological data it is too early to recommend the use of n-3 PUFAs for cancer prevention. Possible explanations to explain these inconsistencies may be that population-based studies rely heavily on data from self-reported dietary PUFA intake. This form of data collection may poorly correlate with accurate PUFA intake. Another possible explanation is that the amount of n-3 PUFA administered in studies, may not be of a sufficient quantity to have a protective functions in cancer prevention. Further studies are needed to be carried out to account for the current variation in published studies before recommending n-3 PUFAs for cancer prevention. According to the latest report from the National Cancer Registry: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in both men and women in Ireland (20). Environmental factors such as diet have been identified as playing a role in the risk of CRC development. Preventability estimates from the World Cancer Research Fund show that 47% of cases of CRC in the UK can be prevented by modifying factors such as eating and drinking healthily, being physically active and maintaining a healthy weight(21). According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 24% of people (who did not take supplements containing vitamin B6) have suboptimal active B6 plasma concentrations (22). Vitamin B6 is a water soluble vitamin, which in its active form: pyridoxal 5’-phostphate (PIP) is involved in more than 100 coenzyme reactions, including lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism(23). Vitamin B6 may play a role in CRC prevention through its role in one carbon related DNA synthesis and methylation(24). Vitamin B6 has also been shown to reduce the formation of nitric oxide(25), inhibit angiogenesis(26) and reduce oxidative stress(27), creating an unfavourable environment for tumour development. Despite the mechanistic evidence supporting for the role of vitamin B6 in CRC cancer prevention, epidemiological evidence has been inconsistent. A meta-analysis of 9 studies carried out between 2002-2009 on Vitamin B6 intake in relation to CRC risk, found inconsistent results with both an inverse and positive association(28). The same meta-analysis included four nestled case-control studies investigating serum PLP on CRC risk. All four studies found an inverse relationship between PLP levels and CRC risk, with an overall reduced risk of CRC for every 100-pmol/mL increase in serum PLP(28). In the 9 studies of vitamin B6 intake and CRC risk it seems that highest vs lowest category of vitamin B6 intake was most important. When the study’s results were pooled together, a 21% significant reduction in CRC risk was found when comparing high vs low vitamin B6 intake in studies with a wider range of exposure (>1.5-mg difference)(28). A different study prospectively followed up 26,440 women and 44,410 men to assess whether a higher vitamin B6 intake in the remote past(12-16years prior to diagnosis) was more strongly associated with a lower risk of developing CRC than an intake in the recent past (4 years prior to diagnosis)(23). The results of this study did not support a strong role of vitamin B6 intake in preventing CRC development. However most of the participants were relatively well nourished, with only 5-10% of people having a vitamin B6 intake below the recommended daily allowance(23). This limited the study as it is not the most accurate measures of determining the potential effects on suboptimal vitamin B6 on CRC risk. The Japan Public Health Centre-based Prospective study investigated the association of dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine on CRC risk(29). The study included 81,184 participants (38,107 men and 43,077 women) who were followed from 1995-98 to the end of 2002. A significantly inverse relationship between vitamin B6 intake and CRC was found in men. Men in the highest quartile of vitamin B6 intake had a 35% decreased risk of CRC compared with men in the lowest quartile. No association was found in vitamin B6 intake and CRC in women. Interestingly a higher intake of vitamin B6 appeared to be beneficial in men with higher alcohol intake. The study found that the risk of CRC associated with alcohol intake was significantly higher in those who had a low vitamin B6 intake, however this risk was found to decrease in those who had a higher vitamin B6 intake(29). In conclusion there is evidence to suggest that vitamin B6 may play a role in CRC prevention, however it appears that plasma PLP appears to be more strongly linked to a reduced risk in CRC. Studies investigating the effect of vitamin B6 intake on CRC risk appear to be inconsistent. In contrast studies on PLP have found higher plasma PLP CRC risk by 30-50%(23). It is also important to note that studies have found that individuals with higher activity levels, higher dietary intakes of folate and calcium and individuals who do not smoke have higher vitamin B6 levels and a decreased risk of CRC(23). In these individuals it is difficult to determine if it is these healthier behaviours or the increased B6 levels that decreases CRC risk. It is also difficult to assess the impact of dietary vitamin B6 on its own on CRC risk, as most foods containing vitamin B6 contain various other nutrients such as folate and vitamin D. Further studies are needed to be carried out to explain the current inconsistencies in the use of vitamin B6 and CRC risk before vitamin B6 can be recommended as a preventive measure. 1.International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO. GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence in 2012 2012. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx. 2.Organization WH. Cancer fact sheet 2014 [updated February 2014]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/index.html. 3.Parada B, Reis F, Cerejo R, Garrido P, Sereno J, Xavier-Cunha M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit tumor growth in a rat model of bladder cancer. BioMed research international. 2013;2013:368178. 4.Ritch CR, Wan RL, Stephens LB, Taxy JB, Huo D, Gong EM, et al. Dietary fatty acids correlate with prostate cancer biopsy grade and volume in Jamaican men. The Journal of urology. 2007;177(1):97-101; discussion 5.Williams CD, Whitley BM, Hoyo C, Grant DJ, Iraggi JD, Newman KA, et al. A high ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Nutrition research (New York, NY). 2011;31(1):1-8. 6.Sawada N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, et al. Consumption of n-3 fatty acids and fish reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(7):1468-75. 7.Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, et al. Intake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and development of colorectal cancer by subsite: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2011;129(7):1718-29. 8.Thiebaut AC, Chajes V, Gerber M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Joulin V, Lenoir G, et al. Dietary intakes of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of breast cancer. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2009;124(4):924-31. 9.Gu Z, Wu J, Wang S, Suburu J, Chen H, Thomas MJ, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the localization and signaling of PIP3/AKT in prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34(9):1968-75. 10.Turk HF, Barhoumi R, Chapkin RS. Alteration of EGFR spatiotemporal dynamics suppresses signal transduction. PloS one. 2012;7(6):e39682. 11.Schley PD, Jijon HB, Robinson LE, Field CJ. Mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acid-induced growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2005;92(2):187-95. 12.Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;79(6):935-45. 13.Cheuk BL, Chew SB, Fiscus RR, Wong PY. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates apoptosis in rat epididymis through prostaglandin D2. Biology of reproduction. 2002;66(2):374-80. 14.Cockbain AJ, Volpato M, Race AD, Munarini A, Fazio C, Belluzzi A, et al. Anticolorectal cancer activity of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid. Gut. 2014. 15.Hamid R, Singh J, Reddy BS, Cohen LA. Inhibition by dietary menhaden oil of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors. International journal of oncology. 1999;14(3):523-8. 16.Rose DP, Connolly JM. Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. Pharmacology therapeutics. 1999;83(3):217-44. 17.Badawi AF, Archer MC. Effect of hormonal status on the expression of the cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 genes and prostaglandin synthesis in rat mammary glands. Prostaglandins other lipid mediators. 1998;56(2-3):167-81. 18.Williams CS, Mann M, DuBois RN. The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development. Oncogene. 1999;18(55):7908-16. 19.Dempke W, Rie C, Grothey A, Schmoll HJ. Cyclooxygenase-2: a novel target for cancer chemotherapy? Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology. 2001;127(7):411-7. 20.Registry NC. Cancer In Ireland: Annual report of the National Registry. 2013. 21.Fund WCR. Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention. Food, Nutrition, and Physical activity: a Global Perspective. 2009 updated 2011. 22.Morris MS, Picciano MF, Jacques PF, Selhub J. Plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate in the US population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008;87(5):1446-54. 23.Zhang XH, Ma J, Smith-Warner SA, Lee JE, Giovannucci E. Vitamin B6 and colorectal cancer: current evidence and future directions. World journal of gastroenterology : WJG. 2013;19(7):1005-10. 24.Selhub J. Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and one carbon metabolism. The journal of nutrition, health aging. 2002;6(1):39-42. 25.Komatsu S, Watanabe H, Oka T, Tsuge H, Kat N. Dietary vitamin B6 suppresses colon tumorigenesis, 8-hydroxyguanosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in azoxymethane-treated mice. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2002;48(1):65-8. 26.Matsubara K, Mori M, Matsuura Y, Kato N. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate and pyridoxal inhibit angiogenesis in serum-free rat aortic ring assay. International journal of molecular medicine. 2001;8(5):505-8. 27.Jain SK, Lim G. Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes. Free radical biology medicine. 2001;30(3):232-7. 28.Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2010;303(11):1077-83. 29.Ishihara J, Otani T, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S. Low intake of vitamin B-6 is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese men. The Journal of nutrition. 2007;137(7):1808-14.

Surpasing Laws for one own right :: essays research papers

Our society is an ever-growing community of law breakers, not to condemn themselves morally, but to stress what they believe to be just, and correct. Just as Martin Luther King Stepped in front of our nation and broke several laws, he did so in order to express his passionate belief of our constitution that "all men are created equal." Unfortunately, to this days we have trouble to fully synthesize are laws with our constitution, which has lead to several rules being broken, for a right cause. Currently we are still living in an unequal nation. Not necessarily ethnic issues, but our jobs are endangering the people of this country. Today thousands of workers working in meat-packing companies have been arrested, fined, sued in result of their complaints against the company for mal-treatment, violations of the job safety rules, and their health. Our president George W. Bush recently signed the Cheeseburger act, which denies any complaint against such large meat packing company, which further lets these companies continue to grow as a monopoly, and inequitable.. According to the book Fast Food Nation, thousands of people are injured, abused, and given false docter treatment that endangers their life, which is completely contrary to the basis of our working rights, and structure of this nation. And for the Higher government to support this is completely unjust, and immoral. Having thousands of injured workers apparently doesn't matter to the government, because it is from these companies that our government gets much funding. Specifically it is because of this reason that the government would never go against them, because much of their own personal funding would be gone. This is only a sample of how corrupt our government has become. Laws will continue to be broken, in order to fight for equality, life, and health from these meatpacking industrial workers, and several other dedicated workers. Gabriel Ahmoso a meatpacking employee for Tyson has upheld several courts fighting for the return of his health, family, and his old life. An immigrant from Mexico, who worked in Colorado ten years for Tyson, was forced to go late nights to fix chemical spills without the proper equipment, along with cutting meat one inch away from a person. After Losing 4 fingers, being abused, and having heart-attacks in result of the chemicals he ended up losing both his daughter and wife. Leaving him because he was continuously drinking in order to relieve the much pain he had to withstand everyday at work.

Instances of Free Will in Antigone by Sophocles Essay

Free will is a gift given to man to remain in control of their lives; our fate and destiny are determined by our free will and the decisions we make. In the play Antigone, written by Sophocles Antigone demonstrates her free will when she decides to bury her brother, directly defying Creon’s law. As a result of this defiance her fate was suicide. The choice she made functions as a exercise of free will because she considered the consequences and defied Creon anyway, that defiance sealed her fate. Antigone clearly controlled her fate through free will. However this is not always the case in A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich written by Alexandr Solzhenistyn, Ivan has little to no free will because he does not make his own choices, his fate is controlled by others. Free will is a term used to describe a course of action you would take among various alternatives. Philosophers argue that the concept of free will is closely connected to the concept of moral responsibility. Acting with free will is to satisfy the requirements of being responsible for one’s actions. Antigone bury’s her brother Polyneices because she believes it is her Moral duty to do so, as he is her brother and everyone deserves a proper burial. Antigone’s free will is to act upon this moral responsibility in which she feels she is obligated to do. Our fate is not determined by us but a much more powerful force. Fate â€Å"is an inevitable and often adverse outcome, condition, or end.† According to the Webster dictionary. In the book A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich Ivan’s fate is inevitable, he is no longer in control of his life after being sentenced to 10 years in the Soviet Gulag system. In the camp Ivan is forced to live under very strict rule and if he disobeys the regulations he can be killed. Clearly Ivan has no control over his life and is forced to live a certain way in order to stay alive. Antigony goes against Creon’s law that forbade anyone to bury polyneices, her brother. Breaking of Creon’s law will result in death. Knowing the consequences Antigone bury’s her brother regardless, having guard over his body. Antigone was caught burying Polyneices and brought to Creon where she faced death. Antigone made the decision to bury her brother. This act was not forced upon her by anyone but her own morals. She determined her fate through free will. Though she knew the consequences she made the decision that she did which sealed her fate, because she knew she would die if she buried her brother. Antigone would rather die than not let her brother be buried. â€Å"And if I have to die for this pure crime,/ I am content, for I shall rest beside him;/ His love will answer mine† (lines 72-74). This quote demonstrates how Antigone makes the decision that she does knowing she will die. She is content with the idea of dying if it means her brother will get a proper burial. Antigone is pursuing her fate by burying her brother. Antigone is not looking at it as death she has a different approach to things than others, for example her sister. This approach makes her fearless, she does not see dying necessarily as a bad thing but simply the price she will pay for burying her brother. This fearlessness in her makes it so she can confidently make the decision that she does, excepting the fact that it will result to her death. Not only does Antigone decide her fate by burying her brother but she also chooses when and how she dies. Creon had planned to kill her anyway, but with her own free will she pursues her death in the fashion that she so chooses. Antigone hangs herself with the red and gold cord of her robe. Her decision to do this is her own free will. Antigone could have ignored this option and let her fate control how she dies, by either being stoned, or perhaps Creon deciding to set her free. We will never know what Antigone’s fate would have been if she did not kill herself, she deprived us of what could have happened by making her own rash decision. Antigone believes she has the right to live the way she wants, she is controlling her fate by deciding how she dies. A contrasting example comes from the book A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich. The main character Ivan does not have free will. Ivan was charged with being a German spy and therefore sentenced to 10 years in the Gulag. Ivan knows he is not a German spy, however he has no control over his sentencing and is forced to serve the 10 years. Ivan no longer controls how he lives, he lives by a strict life style created by the guards of the camp. â€Å"In camp the squad leader is everything: a good one will give you a second life; a bad one will put you in your coffin.† (pg. 36). This quote illustrates how much Ivan and other prisoners lives are determined for them. He says that your squad leader determines weather or not you live. In these camps life were cruel not only because of harsh conditions but the fact that others determined your fate, whether you lived or died. Theses prisoners have very little control over their own life, they no longer worry about simple decisions, the concerns of the prisoners is who will be the one to decide their fate. Even though, the prisoners destiny is pre-determined based upon the harsh circumstances they are forced to live by, they can still make small unnoticeable decisions to maintain sanity in their life. These small choices they make are their free will. For instance, Ivan takes his hat off every time he eats a meal despite the fact that it is below freezing. Ivan has always removes his hat before eating long before he was sentenced to the Gulag, he feels he must continue this tradition as a sign of respect. Ivan is making this small decision on his own in a place that is filled with decisions that are made for you. Ivan wants to keep the little dignity he has left and by doing so he takes off his hat when he eats. This represents that no matter how confined a human is they will still find ways to pursue their own lifestyle. Ivan find this morally just to take off his hat when he eats, he is making that decision based off of free will. Because he makes this decision it greatly affects Ivan’s attitude towards things, because this small tradtion shows he has taken a piece of his ordinary life and continued that practice in somewhere as horrible as the Gulag. Ivan’s free will is to be able to take his hat off when eating. Finally, this essay shows how in the play Antigone and the book A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich, both of the main characters in these two pieces of literature find ways to control their fate. In Antigones case she bury’s her brother, for she believes that it is her moral responsibility. Ivan takes control over his free will by taking off his hat when he eats. Antigone’s fate is determined by her free will to defy Creon. Ivan is not in control of his own fate, therefore he must find small ways to remain in control as much as possible of his life.

I Make My Own Rules Essays - African-American Culture, Free Essays

I Make My Own Rules Essays - African-American Culture, Free Essays "I Make My Own Rules" LL Cool J's autobiography "I Make My Own Rules" is a very well written book. I liked the way he got into detail about his childhood. He had a very interesting childhood. The way he explains the good and the bad of his hip-hop life is also interesting. It is also very interesting how he tells how he went from a bad sinful child to a nice spiritual man. The way LL tells about his childhood is interesting. The way he tells about it is not that interesting, yet his childhood is very interesting. For instance in the story he tells about as a child how he tried to run away from his father Roscoe (his abusive step father), and got a very bad beating, He goes into detail about how Roscoe would beat him and neglect him. He also tells about how when he was older how Roscoes' abusive behavior rubbed off on him. He would beat kids up for no reason, just like Roscoe. The way he tells about this is scary and sad. I loved these parts of the story because they open your eyes to child abuse and show you that it does exist. The way he explains his hip-hop life is very interesting/funny. For example he tells about how his accountants would take money from him by telling him to take a cheaper deal and then charging him for a more expensive deal and pocketing the difference. Since he didn't finish his education he didn't know what to do therefore he just went along with what was going on. In the long run he looked back and figured out he lost more than 20,000 dollars. He also explains going on tour and some of the stuff they would do. "Sometimes my friends would put itching powder in my bed and look at scratching and bust up laughing (pg.140)" said LL. He said that on the whole the hip-hop life was the life for him, even after all the drama unfolded. As a beginner in the hip-hop industry he was a very vulnerable young man. He easily got caught up in the sex and money (he never did drugs because he never liked them). He would do all kind of things that many would not approve of. He would have many different women at one time, he would buy many frivolous things, and he would cheat on his wife (it was only one time for a week though). He also then explains how when he got older he completely turned his life around. He met a friend named Charles. He taught him how to communicate with the spiritual side of life. It was from there that he turned his life around, he went back to school, and he stayed faithful to his wife, and had three loving kids. "If said if it weren't for Charles my life would have ever been the same," said LL. The book was a very good way to get across the point that if you want to get in the hip hop industry you must really want to do well. I highly enjoyed the book. It was a very funny book at times and a very sad book at times. I would highly recommend this book to a lot of people.

Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation Essay Example Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation Paper Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation Paper Essay Topic: Pros and Cons Deregulation has brought charges that safety has been reduced in the transportation industries. Although theory suggests that safety might be lower in a competitive market than in a regulated one, experimental evidence shows that safety has not declined since the transportation industries were deregulated but has actually continued to improve. Even though deregulation and partial deregulation have brought great benefits to the economy and to the consumer, some interests have been adversely affected. In the airline industry, organized labor has been the principal loser. To this day, the major airlines are attempting to bring down their inflated labor costs. A number of airlines have established dual pay schemes where new employees are paid less. The deregulation process received a great boost in 1977 when President Jimmy Carter appointed Alfred Kahn to chair the CAB. This quintessential policy entrepreneur took charge at the perfect time. With a powerful intellect, a dedication to microeconomic efficiency, and a quick and infectious humor, Kahn set about reorganizing the CAB. Under Kahn, the board decided several landmark cases that tested open entry and unrestricted price competition (Civil Aeronautic Board 1978). The policy options, now, were narrowing. Early in 1978, both houses of Congress passed bills to liberalize regulation. Airline executives, such as American’s Crandall, faced with the prospect of a policy â€Å"that would leave the airlines half free and half fettered,† now shifted gears and called for the total elimination of economic regulation. In October, 1978, Congress passed the Airline Deregulation Act. President Carter signed it ten days later. The act then place maximum reliance on competitive market forces. The Civil Aeronautics Board would automatically certify entry, unless doing so damaged the public interest. Fares would be flexible within a wide zone of reasonableness, and mergers would be readily approved. If all went well, the Civil Aeronautics Board would cease to exist by 1985 (Crandall 1978). The first year of airline deregulation was one of the most difficult years of the history, commented Bob Crandall. As an industry, Airline Company seemed bent on giving away the store. And 1980 proved worse still. All but two of the major carriers lost money, with American Airlines’ first half losses the worst in the industry. Passenger traffic slumped because of the recession, and the price of jet fuel had doubled again. Intense competition for key routes, with wild fares discounting, caught the industry and its regulators by surprise. The major carriers were not at all prepared for the suddenness of competition. Although the deregulation act had proposed an orderly phase-out of regulation, reallocation of routes and fare competition swept past the board’s half-hearted attempts at stabilization. By the spring of 1980, carriers were virtually free to determine the routes they served and the prices they charged (Office of Economic Analysis 1982). In May, 1979, World Airways, a former charter, offered a one-way fare of $108 between New York and Los Angeles and New York and San Francisco. This touched off the â€Å"transcontinental wars† among the major carriers, under-cutting revenues of more than $750 million, just for those two routes. TWA expanded the war to the semi-transcontinental market, matched by all of the other majors. Pricing madness went from bad to worse when Eastern tried to enter, with an unrestricted transcontinental fare of $99. World went to $88, the others matched, and the price war spread to â€Å"peripheral transcontinental markets of Boston, Washington, and Philadelphia (Praskell 1981). Hastily, the majors began dropping unprofitable routes and entering the potentially profitable markets of their competitors. Braniff challenged American in the Southwest, while Delta attacked American’s hub at Dallas from the East. Eastern expanded out of LaGuardia toward the west, and United contested more of the major city-pair markets connected to its hub in Chicago. Such unrestricted competition forced a dilution of yields, pushing break-even load factors higher. Accelerated hubbing was the clearest short-term strategic response by the major carriers. This practice, of concentrating connecting flights at a particular airport, had been Intense competition for key routes, with wild fares discounting, caught the industry and its regulators by surprise. The major carriers were not at all prepared for the abruptness of competition. Although the deregulation act had proposed an orderly phase-out of regulation, reallocation of routes and fare competition swept past the board’s half-hearted attempts at stabilization. By the spring of 1980, carriers were virtually free to determine the routes they served and the prices they charged (Office of Economic Analysis 1982). Used to a limited extent since the 1960s, both Delta and Eastern had developed a significant hub at Atlanta; United at Chicago; American at Dallas, and Allegheny (now US Air) at Pittsburgh. But hitherto, regulation had severely constrained the use of the hub-and-spoke route structure as an operating strategy. Only after receiving route flexibility could the majors contemplate the potential economies of scale and scope that the hub-and-spoke system had to offer. In terms of strategy, organizational structure, and performance, American Airlines’ adjustments to deregulation, starting as the second-largest, but least efficient of incumbent domestic carriers, was the most thoroughgoing and successful. As such, it provides the sharpest contrasts for examining the effects of regulatory change on business practice. Conversely, its size and revealed market power show how effective strategy, like regulation, can shape market structure to create sustainable rents. American Airlines was not prepared for deregulation. Its break-even load factor was the industry’s highest. Its labor costs were higher than the industry average and its productivity growth lower. Its fleet was the least fuel efficient, and its route structure the industry’s most fragmented. During the period in which regulation broke down (1968-1974), American’s management had made several serious errors: overexpansion into hotel properties, acquisition of too many wide-bodied aircraft, cutbacks in the development of computerized reservation systems, a failed merger attempt, and, finally, a managerial crisis. In September, 1973, George Spater, American’s chairman, admitted to making an illegal contribution to the Nixon campaign. He resigned, leaving American with operating losses, major organizational problems, and ruined morale (Serling 1985). C. R.  Smith, American’s colorful chief executive from 1934 to 1968, came out of retirement just long enough to choose a new chairman – an outsider named Albert Casey, president of the Times Mirror Company. Casey, a rough-and-tumble Boston Irishman with a self-deprecating sense of humor, specialized in finance, liked a lot of people, but knew nothing about airlines. His immediate challenge was to restore confidence and eventually, to prepare the organization for the demands of deregulation. The effects of deregulation on market structure and performance were just as dramatic as on industry structure, but not quite so clear. Several exogenous events, including the second oil shock, the air traffic controllers (PATCO) strike in 1981, and the 1982-1983 recession, also shaped the patterns of adjustment. With this qualification in mind, we can observe significant changes in the following market characteristics: first, entry and exit conditions, second, price level and pricing mechanisms, third, segmentation, fourth, distribution channels, fifth, cost structure, sixth operations, seventh, demand eight, service levels (and safety), and nineth, industry profitability. Entry into the industry and into individual city-pair markets clearly opened up as soon as the CAB lowered its barriers. Relatively low minimum-efficient scale and capital costs made this possible, but few of these entrants survived to 1988. Despite the hopes of economists, particularly those associated with contestability theory, the airline industry did not turn out to be frictionless (Panzar and Willig 1982). By building economies of scale and scope, by segmenting markets with strategic pricing, and by developing control of distribution channels, the incumbent firms responded strategically to create competitive advantages and eventually foreclose entry. As the data came in, economists revised their views of the industry’s contestability. At best, it appeared to be a transitional condition. Deregulation prompted an immediate reduction of prices and a continuing fragmentation of pricing structure. Here too, the early pricing responses seemed to support the logic of contestability. Even monopolists lowered their fares. Eventually though, prices stabilized in the least competitive markets and then increased. Price structure, meanwhile, fragmented into a wide range of special packages, discounts, and incentive deals. By 1987, the proportion of passengers using some sort of discount fare had risen from 37 percent (1977) to 91 percent (Airline Deregulation 1988). Sophisticated customer and competitor analyses, drawing on computerized data bases, was performed daily to optimize revenue by adjusting schedules, fares, and seat allocations among discount categories. This development should not have been surprising, in view of airline economics and a history of similar, although constrained, pricing practices. Commodity like, price wars at the outset of deregulation were partly the result of the market’s desegmentation. Carriers only gradually implemented strategies to resegment the market by price, service, brand image, and loyalty. Among the most striking features of airlines deregulation was the development and newfound strategic importance of distribution channels (methods of selling tickets). Under regulation, distribution channels were unimportant and unsophisticated. But with the transition to competition, customer access and control suddenly became critical for sellers, while the fluidity of adjusting markets caused extreme informational problems for buyers. Computerized reservation systems, with a relatively small incremental cost of adding a travel agency and huge economies of scale and scope, quickly became a competitive bottleneck that first movers took a tremendous advantage of. By 1988, American (SABRE) and United (APOLLO) controlled 70 percent of the travel agency channel, leaving competing systems (TWA, Delta and Eastern) with too small a base and other carriers in abject dependency. Accordingly, Frontier and ten other carriers brought a civil antitrust suit, seeking damages and divestiture of SABRE and APOLLO. The case was based on the essential facility doctrine – the same concept that the government had used successfully to attack the Bell System. Although civil charges were dismissed late in 1988, the Department of Transportation continued to review proposals for divesting the airlines of their reservation systems. Cost reduction was a predictable result of deregulation. The most dramatic and politicized aspect of this process was the deco sting of labor. Elimination of work rules, increases in hard hours for flight crews, and wage givebacks all contributed to lower costs. Continental, by reducing labor costs to 1. 33 cents per available seat mile, set a competitive baseline for the others. Delta, even with its traditionally nonunion work force, remained at the high end with costs of 3. 54 cents per average seat mile. Like American, every major carrier eventually moved to reduce costs across the entire range of operations, fuel, overhead, fleet and route structure, as well as labor. In all, the cost per passenger-mile traveled declined by about 30 percent 1981 and 1987. On the other hand, since November 1974 airfare increases have outpaced the rate of inflation, President Jimmy Carter (D, 1977-1981) shared Senator Kennedy’s views on this issue. In 1975, he endorsed legislation to provide airlines with greater flexibility to reduce airfares, ease Civil Aeronautics Board’s regulations on trunk entry, and made it easier, with some protections for small communities for airlines to eliminate nonprofit able routes. The airline industry strongly opposed the relaxation or elimination of national government rules concerning entry and exit of air routes and passenger ticket prices. During congressional hearings, they testified that head to head competition might cause ticket prices to fall, but it would also bankrupt many smaller airlines, leading to the concentration of airline service into just a few large carriers that could conceivably, control the marketplace and impose even higher fares on passengers than before deregulation took place. For example, Robert Six, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Continental Airlines, Inc. estified before the U. S senate Commerce Committee that deregulation will not lead to a more competitive situation. Rather, it is liable to result in a period of initial chaos and ultimately in a situation in which most of the air transportation system will be in the control of a few industry giants. The aviation industry also argued that deregulation would cause service reductions and in some instances complete elimination of service along many less profitable air routes, particularly those serving rural states and small-population cities. They also worried that deregulation would frighten investors making it more difficult for them to finance badly needed equipment facilities. They also warned that deregulation would adversely affect air safety because price competition would force airlines to defer maintenance and keep airplanes in service as long as possible. The industry’s labor unions also opposed deregulation. They feared that increased price competition might make it more difficult for them to win wage and salary concessions at the bargaining table. While Congress debated deregulation’s pros and cons, Alfred Kahn, President Carter’s choice to head the Civil Aeronautics Board, was sworn into office on June 10, 1977. He systematically altered the Civil Aeronautics Board’s regulatory behavior to allow airlines to fly as many routes as possible and at the lowest fares that they could afford. As airfares fell across the nation, Kahn received extensive and very positive media coverage. Although Congress was probably going to deregulate airlines regardless of Khan’s actions, the favorable publicity concerning Khan’s effort signaled to many on Capitol Hill hat it would be political suicide to fight airline deregulation. Sensing an opportunity to destroy its new competition, the larger airlines systematically reduced passenger airfares on routes also flown by the new start-ups. The practice was called predator pricing. The idea was to outlast the new start-ups and later recoup losses by raising passenger airfares after the start-ups were driven out of business. The strategy worked for Northwest Airlines. Its discount pricing forced People Express to abandon its Newark to the Twin Cities route. Northwest Airlines’ hub was at the Twin Cities Airport. However, in most instances, predator pricing resulted in economic losses for all airlines. Eastern Airlines, for example, lost to much money trying to kill off World Airline coast-to-cost routes that it was forced to withdraw from transcontinental service altogether. Also, United Airlines nearly went bankrupt trying to kill off People’s Express. By the late 1980s, predator pricing and other factors forced many start-ups into bankruptcy and many others to merge with other airlines. Overall, deregulation increased the number of air carriers but American, Delta, and United continued their dominance over the U. S market. Deregulation changed the basic nature of air service in the United States. Before deregulation most airlines exchanged passengers freely at major airports, a practice called interlining. After deregulation, airlines tried to keep their passengers to themselves. They discovered that it was more profitable to provide nonstop passenger air service between several major hubs instead of offering point to point, nonstop air service to numerous communities across the nation. Conclusion The airline industry appears to be evolving towards the segmented structure that existed prior to deregulation a small number of large trunk carriers offering long haul domestic and international services, regional carriers offering short and medium haul services within geographic areas and commuter carriers offering very short haul services to small communities. In aviation’s formative years, this structure was developed and controlled by government regulators. However, today’s evolution toward the segment marketplace is being driven and controlled by market forces with low entry barriers. Regulation has been a long-standing and indeed necessary feature of the airport transport industry the world over. Many countries, however, are now questioning the effectiveness, and indeed the relevance, of such regulations. More generally, questions are being asked about the appropriate balance between public and private sectors in the industry, whether existing regulations and operating structures are compatible with the introduction of new technology and more intense international competition, and many nations have sought to evaluate more systematically the overall contribution, an costs, of their ports to both domestic economic growth and inter-modal transport systems. In short, the world’s ports have reached a critical historical juncture. To date, however, airport reform in many countries has simply equated with labour reform, or more precisely a derogation of employment and working conditions. The propriety of such reform programmed must be questioned and, on the basis of the evidence presented in this paper. In developing countries in particular, where social protection for redundant workers is often more notable by its absence, the adverse effects of deregulation are indefensible. Furthermore, the experience of many countries suggests that deregulation by no means guarantees any improvement in airport performance. In fact, the long-term result may be the opposite. In contrast, there are several countries/ports where significant improvements in airport performance have been achieved while basic standards of employment have been at least maintained, if not improved. Thus, in several cases, productive efficiency continues to be founded on equity and efficiency in the labour market.

Globalization at General Electric Research Paper

Globalization at General Electric - Research Paper Example Therefore, the aim of this report is to analyze international process at GE and the lessons which the globalization at GE has provided to entrepreneurs and managers. The current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of GE is Jeffrey Immelt. Moreover, GE has presence in 160 countries of the world and total number of employed people at GE on December 2009 was 304,000. The company holds 2370 filed patents and in 2009, total $5.2 billion were spent in Research and Development (General Electric, 2010). This shows that GE is investing huge amount on its research and development. The company is offering a huge product range and services. Currently, GE is offering products and services related to Appliances, Aviation, Consumer Products, Electrical Distribution, Energy Products, Finance and Business Products, Health Care, Lighting, Media and Entertainment, Oil & Gas, Rail, Software & Services and Water (General Electric, 2010). The major reason because of which GE invested aggressively in foreign expansion was the primary aim of existence of the organization. All leaders of the company have been envisioning huge goals for GE. GE adopted a huge international diversification strategy as it is evident from electronic products to financial services and television broadcasting. GE goal was to become number one or two globally in all the businesses in which it was participating and to attain this goal, foreign direct investment strategy was adopted. After pursuing international expansion strategy, the second aim was to make GE a truly global company because it was still very much an American company doing business abroad. For example, domestic revenues were still higher than international revenues. To make GE a truly global company, Immelt focused on shifting centre of gravity and brought changes in the way GE was organized and operated. For example company moved its headquarters in 2008 for GE Money to London. Another